The utilization of Buton asphalt (Asbuton) as an alternative material in road rehabilitation represents a strategic step in supporting sustainable infrastructure development in Indonesia. Asbuton, a local resource with high carbon content and superior technical characteristics, offers significant potential to replace petroleum-based bitumen, which has a substantial environmental impact. This article examines the sustainability potential of Asbuton, its associated environmental risks, and the necessary mitigation strategies for its implementation. The findings indicate that Asbuton can reduce carbon emissions, extend pavement service life, and decrease reliance on imported materials. However, several challenges remain, including pollution from chemicals used in the emulsification process, the management of solid waste such as Asphalt Solid Waste (ASW), and social impacts arising from mining activities. Therefore, a comprehensive mitigation strategy is required—one that includes regulatory reinforcement, innovations in waste treatment technology, and an environmental justice approach that prioritizes local communities. Cross-sectoral synergy is essential to ensure that the use of Asbuton contributes meaningfully to the sustainability of Indonesia's road sector.