This study aims to investigate the challenges and opportunities associated with achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9), focusing on sustainable industry, innovation, and infrastructure. Despite the recognized importance of infrastructure and industrialization for economic growth and development, many developing countries face significant barriers such as inadequate financing, weak innovation ecosystems, and governance challenges that hinder progress toward sustainable and inclusive industrial growth. Key findings from recent literature reveal persistent gaps in access to resilient infrastructure, limited technological adoption, and underdeveloped innovation systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, governance and institutional weaknesses exacerbate these challenges, while innovative financing mechanisms remain underutilized. Adopting a systematic review methodology, this research synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed academic literature, policy reports, and global institutional data published between 2020 and 2024. Key findings reveal that while there is significant progress in certain regions, structural challenges such as poor governance, inadequate financing mechanisms, and uneven technological adoption hinder inclusive and sustainable industrialization. The main contribution of this study lies in providing an integrated analysis that links sustainable infrastructure development, inclusive industrial policies, innovation ecosystems, and governance reforms, offering practical recommendations to policymakers, development agencies, and industry stakeholders. In conclusion, the study underscores the need for multi-sectoral approaches that foster innovation, strengthen institutional capacity, and mobilize sustainable investments to accelerate progress towards SDG 9. By addressing these interconnected factors, countries can promote economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability, advancing not only SDG 9 but also the broader 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.